CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTORS TO BE
CELEBRATED ON 15 MAY 2007
AT THE CONSCIENTIOUS OBJECTION
COMMEMORATIVE STONE
TAVISTOCK SQUARE, BLOOMSBURY,
LONDON
These are 69 representative
Conscientious Objectors, chosen on the basis of one each from as
many countries as could be found. In the case of some countries,
more than one CO is named, to represent different regimes. For some,
a great deal more information could be provided; in the case of
others not much more is known than is recorded here.
Angola - Emanuel Matondo,
recent CO
Argentina – Ignacio Alonso,
one of five who made a public presentation of CO, August 1993
Armenia – Vahan Bayatyan,
imprisoned 30 months, 2006
Armenia – Nagorno-Karabakh, Areg
Avanesyan, imprisoned 4 years, 2005
Australia – Philip Hancox,
imprisoned 6 months, 1943
Austria – Anschluss – Franz
Jagerstatter, beheaded, 9 August 1943
Austria – Post 1945 – Peter
Burtscher, in military detention before being recognised, 1987
Belarus - Valentin Gulai,
recent CO
Belgium – Joris Kennes,
imprisoned 4 times, 1930s
Bermuda – Hassan Shakir,
objected, 1996
Britain – Joseph Brett,
imprisoned WW1, provided original inspiration for the CO Stone
Bulgaria - Hristo Ivancev,
imprisoned 3 years, 1933, and died, 1938, of TB aggravated by
imprisonment
Canada - John Evans, imprisoned
in Britain, 1918
Chile - Michel Nash, shot by
firing squad for refusing to shoot dissidents condemned by the
Pinochet regime
Colombia – Andres Daniel Giraldo,
recent COi
Cyprus - Greek – Yiannis Parpas,
imprisoned 1 year, 1988
Cyprus - Turkish – Salih
Askerogul, imprisoned 3 years, 3 months, 1993
Czechoslovakia - Jan Hrabina,
30 months military detention, 1981
Denmark – Erik Hansen,
imprisoned 15 months, 1936
Eritrea – Negade Teklemariam,
imprisoned without trial since 1994
Finland – Kaj Raninen,
imprisoned 9 times as total resister, 1990s
France – Daniel Besse,
imprisoned 6 months, 1979
Georgia – Kakhaber Galashvili,
imprisoned 16 months, 1996
Germany – Hermann Abke,
beheaded, 17 July 1944
East Germany – Michael Mai,
objected, 1989
West Germany – Holger Haag,
imprisoned 7 months, 1979
Greece – Georgios Gkogkas,
imprisoned 4 years 10 months, and 5 years loss of civil rights, 1979
Hungary – Zsolt Keszthelyi,
imprisoned 3 years, 1987
Israel – Abram Sinon,
imprisoned, 1979
Italy – Massimo Mura,
imprisoned, 1980
Kazakhstan - Roman Grechko,
imprisoned 6 months, 1994
Latvia – Kurt Dering,
objected, 1936
Lithuania – Juozas Petrulis,
imprisoned 7 years, 1930s
Netherlands – Jan Nico Tinbergen,
1921, later Nobel Economics laureate
New Caledonia – Gilbert
Vaialimoa, imprisoned 4 months before recognition, 1989
New Zealand – Ian Hamilton,
imprisoned 5 years, 1939
Norway – Jan Otto Nilsen,
imprisoned 3 months 1990, and 3 months , 1992
Paraguay – Pablo Maria Angelo
Guanes, one of four who made a public presentation of CO,
September 1993
Philippines – Lagman,
objected 1966
Poland – Darlusz Matczak,
imprisoned 1 year, 1993
Portugal – Paulo Mil-Homens de
Matros, objected, 1977
Puerto Rico – Philip Howard,
arrested, 1949
Rhodesia - Cedric Wildman,
fined £15, 1953
Roman Empire - Maximilianus,
beheaded, Thevesta, north Africa, 12 Mar 295
Romania - Alexandro Tihon, 5
sentences of 2 years each, 1920s-30s
Russia – Vadim Hesse,
imprisoned 40 days, 1996
Serbia – Nenad, objected as
serving soldier in Kosovo, 1999
Slovakia – Erik Kratmueller,
imprisoned, 1996
Somalia – Saeed Mohamed,
imprisoned, 1984
South Africa – Peter Moll,
imprisoned 12 months, 1979
South Korea – Choi Myung-jin,
imprisoned 18 months, 2004
South West Africa – Rashid
Rooinasie, 1987
Spain – Pello Maria Amillano,
imprisoned 28 months, 1993
Spain - Basque country – Genar
Felix Franquesa, arrested, 1979
Spain – Canary Islands – Juan
Ignacio Enriquez, imprisoned 28 months, 1993
Sweden - Per Johann Klasse,
objected, 1980s
Switzerland – Gregoire Flaux,
imprisoned 8 months, 1993
Turkey – Feti Demirtas,
imprisoned 9 times, 2005-07
Turkmenistan – Kurban Zakirov,
re-imprisoned 8 years, 2000
Ukraine – Glebo Malcev,
sought CO asylum in Latvia, 1993
USA – Gillam Kerley,
imprisoned 3 years and fined $10,000, 1987
USSR – Chechnya – Anatoly Zhuk,
detained in psychiatric hospital, 1988
USSR – Estonia – Aarne Helder,
2 years forced labour, 1988
USSR – Kazakhstan – Evgeny
Fogel, imprisoned 2 years, 1982, and 3 years, 1986
USSR - Kirgistan – Evgeny Gotte,
imprisoned 3 years, 1986
USSR – Lithuania – Petras
Grazulis, 10 months in forced labour camp, 1988
USSR – Russia – Pavel
Davidovich Schreider, 3 years military detention, 1979
USSR – Ukraine – Sergei Osnach,
18 months forced labour, 1991
Yugoslavia – Dusan Katanovic,
imprisoned 9 years, 1963
Bill Hetherington
May 2007
Sources: AI, EBCO, PPU, WRI, WRL
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